{"id":1435,"date":"2021-05-11T21:34:18","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T21:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nixhome.com\/?p=1435"},"modified":"2021-05-12T12:49:28","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T12:49:28","slug":"neoliberalism-and-positionality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nixhome.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/11\/neoliberalism-and-positionality\/","title":{"rendered":"Neoliberalism and Positionality"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/max-ostrozhinskiy-yPP_9NaIP9o-unsplash.jpg?w=819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Photo by Max Ostrozhinskiy on Unsplash\" class=\"wp-image-1448 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Why is it so extremely difficult to resist neoliberal trends? The reader will undoubtedly recognize that this builds on what I foolishly considered to be a completed series of five posts.&nbsp; As I recognize the err of my ways, I must also indicate that there is not an end in sight, in terms of neoliberal rants on my part. Many things changed while I was an undergraduate student at Ole Miss, but some of those changes had already begun; evidence: I enrolled at Ole Miss as a young man of 23.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/david-kovalenko-G85VuTpw6jg-unsplash.jpg?w=819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Photo by David Kovalenko on Unsplash\" class=\"wp-image-1449 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I had failed at my first college attempt in no small part because it was hinged to playing American Football; I had announced my extreme distaste at the lack of recognition I was receiving between the 11<sup>th<\/sup> and 12<sup>th<\/sup> years of high school. My personal declaration of independence, shared with a captive church-group-service audience in front of whom I was not bashful, was that henceforth, I \u201cwill not be attending the private academy any longer, and would instead transfer to the local public school, so that my capacities would be observed by a larger audience of sport-program recruiters.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I was unable to follow through with that, because I was still living with and employed by my father; \u2018Pop\u2019 built the school from which I wished to depart, literally. I concluded that senior year <em>in place<\/em> and by the time of commencement had been recruited by more than my fair share of quality programs.&nbsp; I had choices, moreso than most of my fellow athletes because the scores on my standardized tests attracted at least the same attention as did my sufficient talents on the gridiron.&nbsp; As I communicated with recruiters I was promoting my aptitudes.&nbsp; I was choosing between the highest bidders. I was testing the market.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/suzanne-d-williams-VMKBFR6r_jg-unsplash.jpg?w=819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Photo by Suzanne D. Williams on Unsplash\" class=\"wp-image-1453 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I wasn\u2019t ready, I had no idea what to do at college, and I turned <em>within<\/em> only, rather than asking for external help.&nbsp; I left campus and returned to work (marketing my proficiency as a welder) until five years passed and then I had a disabling accident.&nbsp; During the processes of physical recovery there were some cultural and in-group shifts that presented challenges to my worldview. Enrolling at Ole Miss in a wheelchair was not the original plan, but I arrived on campus eager to become different.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2.jpg?resize=819%2C546&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1454 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1365&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?w=1638&amp;ssl=1 1638w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/4-2-scaled.jpg?w=2457&amp;ssl=1 2457w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I am married to a wonderful person. We are not considered to be from the same race according to societal categorization. I knew and still know that some of my family members and friends from my small-town past (would and do) think this is wrong. They believe I am sinful. I believed what I was doing was sinful for many years, but I chose to reject fear and anxiety of the assured consequences. I talked to friends who were in similar situations. It was not considered to be an easy journey by anyone with experience.&nbsp; Why did I change?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affect.png?resize=819%2C461&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Nix, J. V., &amp; Song, L. M., (2020). Affective assessment: Incorporating emotions into our work for social justice. Proceedings of the Association for Assessment of Learning in Higher Education (AALHE), 2020 Annual Conference.\u00a0\n\" class=\"wp-image-1455 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affect.png?resize=1024%2C577&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affect.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affect.png?resize=768%2C433&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affect.png?w=1322&amp;ssl=1 1322w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">The search for that answer has led me to this point in my research on another topic.&nbsp; It is often incredibly enlightening to look at the way I organize my folders (years ago in hanging-folders, but I\u2019m talking about virtual, electronic folders today) and imagine the cross-pollination that occurs between two or more research categories. One such salient intersection is where the affective learning domain (that\u2019s <em>learning<\/em> in the part of the human brain that moderates emotions, attitudes, and what we think of when we think of <em>virtues <\/em>or <em>values<\/em>) overlaps with neoliberalism. <strong>To resist neoliberalism, we need to actively develop <em>that area<\/em> of the brain\/mind so that we<em> learn<\/em> to <em>make decisions<\/em> that are not good for <em>only<\/em> us<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>. Neurobiologically, we do not have more than 2-3 values encoded into what was generally known as the <em>limbic system.<\/em> Those may be transitory as our in-group changes or evolves; <em>culture<\/em> therefore is the haze surrounding everything else you see in this model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">In graduate school I did not complete my first dissertation.&nbsp; I defended the proposal. I had Dr. Sternberg\u2019s permission to potentially validate his instrument which assessed the <em>Triarchic Mind<\/em>. I had a robust committee including a radical educator, a <em>Widespread-groupie<\/em> sociologist, and a research-design expert from the field of experimental psychology.&nbsp; I researched and learned a lot about emotions, attitudes, and what we call <em>virtues <\/em>or <em>values. <\/em>I planned to wire people to lie-detection machines as they completed the tests and answered (interviews\/online questionnaire) my questions. That study never was completed. The reasons are <a href=\"https:\/\/nixhome.com\/index.php\/2019\/02\/26\/forrest-w-parkay-phd\/\">documented elsewhere<\/a>, but I chose eventually to move on and away. However, the beginnings of this model<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> had taken shape in my field notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I ended up in China; I found a new committee, began a new topic, and completed that new dissertation. I funded my dissertation study by working as a consultant; this mental model under which I am operating applies to both organizational behavior and individual behavior.&nbsp; I tweaked the model over years of OD and HRD consulting as a practitioner before I was paid to do any purely intellectual work. Neoliberalism was not the focus of my completed PhD study, but it was a recurring theme traversing nearly every topic I researched while completing that study. I had more pages of notes on this construct than pages of completed dissertation.&nbsp; I thought then, that in some strange, twisted way whatever made neoliberalism acceptable to society had commonalities with whatever it was that had changed my individual mindset about race.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> I am using the term \u201cus\u201d but any time I am faced with a decision between good and better, \u201cus\u201d can also represent \u201cme\u201d. What I am really getting at here is what most of you reading this would associate with the <em>opposite of<\/em> altruistic behavior. I cannot categorize that as \u2018being selfish\u2019 and still elicit the emotional response I want in you, the reader; societal values have shifted to the point that <em>being selfish<\/em> is also a virtue. My point is that to make a decision that is good for more people than  only me and may at the same time <em>decrease<\/em> my immediate\u2014<em>whether short-lived or long-term is not critic<\/em>al\u2014societal-perceived pecuniary standing, I must engage learning in the <em>affective domain<\/em>, and that is regulated by a\u2014<em>cognition and all that entails is processed elsewhere<\/em>\u2014separate sphere of the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> I am not an artist nor a designer of graphical models. This represents a well. At the top of the well is what everybody sees. The well is deep, extremely deep; think \u2018Batman falling into a well of bats\u2019 deep. The <em>hazy green<\/em> represents culture.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/raquel-martinez-SQM0sS0htzw-unsplash.jpg?w=819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Photo by Raquel Mart\u00ednez on Unsplash\" class=\"wp-image-1456 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">I continue to dabble with these notions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>In terms of positionality<\/strong>, I am an accomplished intellectual<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>. I want to be able to learn enough about what catalyzed my <em>change of heart<\/em> to be able to teach that.<br><br>But I am not a role model for resisting neoliberalism. I continually promote and increase my perceived market value. This has been embedded into my life as a choice between good and <em>more good<\/em>, a choice always exists between <em>better and more better<\/em>. &nbsp;As far back as I have traced what we are calling <em>neoliberal trends<\/em> I have only found <em>one example of a scholar<\/em> that might have publicly, openly resisted: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/library\/Enc\/bios\/Veblen.html\">Thorstein Veblen<\/a>.&nbsp; I am sure after I have completed at least three more of his works (I referenced five, later in this post), I will have attained more insight and will likely share some of that here in this series of posts. I certainly hope I find more examples of resistance that ended on higher notes than did his.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Crucially, the functional human mind\/brain has <em>no regulatory system<\/em> which mediates our thoughts and the resulting behavior, <em>other than affect<\/em>.&nbsp; Neoliberalism at its heart is <em>deregulation<\/em>. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">If I can distill this neoliberal phenomenon into one point it is this: <em><strong>non-regulated decisions have led to deregulated policies. The only way to address this is to begin to (internally) regulate decision-making.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> C. Wright Mills described intellectuals as <em>people who are pretty well educated and who spend their time using that education in talking and writing, and sometimes thinking, about various problems. They are always trying to find problems, and the problems they deal with do not have to be \u201ctheirs\u201d<\/em>( p. 25).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=819%2C546&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Photo by Josh Riemer on Unsplash\" class=\"wp-image-1457 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?resize=2048%2C1365&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/josh-riemer-OH5BRdggi2w-unsplash.jpg?w=1638&amp;ssl=1 1638w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">What happens\u2014neurobiologically\u2014when a choice exists  in the <em>realm of good-to-better<\/em> is illuminating.&nbsp; Humans are not <em>wired<\/em> to make altruistic decisions. There are perhaps two, maybe three transparent images of values that may subsist in the regional area of the amygdala. They are far, far away from the processes of decision-making. Deciding between a good and a better is intoxicating, as it produces serotonin. Making choices that benefit only me is addictive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-02-14-13.50.29.jpg?resize=200%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Simpson, C. (2015). Science of coercion: Communication research &amp; psychological warfare, 1945-1960. Open Road Integrated Media. \" class=\"wp-image-1458 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-02-14-13.50.29.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-02-14-13.50.29.jpg?resize=682%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 682w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-02-14-13.50.29.jpg?resize=768%2C1153&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-02-14-13.50.29.jpg?w=771&amp;ssl=1 771w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Added to our biological responses is a constant barrage of marketing and messaging that reinforces choices based on consumption and demonstrative worth. Veblen said (in 1899) that <em>conspicuous consumption <\/em>was regarded as <em>evidence of mundane decency<\/em>. These messages are designed and are delivered based on principles that were defined as the military began to sponsor research (at prestigious universities) into <em>how the mind works with respect to making choices<\/em>. This research led to the founding of <em>schools of communications <\/em>at universities everywhere in the United States. All of this is documented in Simpson\u2019s (2015) work, referenced later in this post.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=819%2C428&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1459 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=1024%2C535&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=300%2C157&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=768%2C401&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=1536%2C802&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?resize=2048%2C1070&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nixhome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Affective_learning_Domain.png?w=1638&amp;ssl=1 1638w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Evidenced by MRI studies, affect soldiers on and tries to mediate our decision-making. Neurobiological collisions ensue, as affect wants us to remember how to <em>play nicely<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia had the right ideas as they defined the affective learning domain. <em>They<\/em> were not privvy to the neurobiological forces at play, but <em>we<\/em> should be, today. As educators, are we exercising our affective muscles?&nbsp; I think not. Are we developing affective domain learning in our students?&nbsp; Sadly, only a few<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> are attempting this. As a result, we are unable to retrieve what we need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">Continuing to ignore human development of the affective learning domain is akin to storing the rope and bucket with which we draw water from the well <em>in a locked shed and hiding the key in the last place we\u2019d remember to look<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:11px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Affective domain learning outcomes have been implemented in communications programs and health-science programs. Research colleagues and I have <a href=\"https:\/\/nixhome.com\/index.php\/publications\/\">upcoming publications<\/a> detailing how we are implementing and assessing affective domain learning outcomes in an online doctoral program.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\" style=\"font-size:17px\"><strong>References\n<\/strong>\nArora, S., &amp; Sharma, R. (2018). Positive affect, psychotherapy, and depression. <em>Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60<\/em>(2), 199-204. \n\nClark L, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ. Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: implications for treatment. <em>Annu Rev Neurosci, 32<\/em>, 57-74. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125618. PMID: 19400725. \n\nDavis M. (1992) The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety. <em>Pharmacological Sciences,\u202f13<\/em>(1), 35-41.\n\nForbes, C. E., &amp; Grafman, J. (2010). The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. <em>Annu. Rev. Neurosci, 33<\/em>, 299\u2013324. \n\nHuys, J. M., Daw, N. D., &amp; Dayan, P. (2015). Depression: A decision-theoretic analysis. <em>Annu. Rev. Neurosci, 38<\/em>, 21-23. \n\nKrathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., &amp; Masia, B. B. (1964). <em>Taxonomy of educational objectives, Handbook II: Affective domain<\/em>. David McKay Company, Inc. \n\nMiller, E. K. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. <em>Annu. Rev. Neurosci, 24<\/em>, 167-202. \n\nMills, C. W., &amp; Summers, J. (2008). <em>The politics of truth: Selected writings of C. Wright Mills<\/em>. Oxford University Press. \n\nNix, J. V., &amp; Song, L. M., (2020). Affective assessment: Incorporating emotions into our work for social justice. <em>Proceedings of the Association for Assessment of Learning in Higher Education (AALHE), 2020 Annual Conference<\/em>. \n\nPadoa-Schioppa, C. (2011). Neurobiology of economic choice: A good-based model. <em>Annu. Rev. Neurosci, 34<\/em>, 333-359.\n \nSimpson, C. (2015). <em>Science of coercion: Communication research &amp; psychological warfare, 1945-1960<\/em>. Open Road Integrated Media. \n\nSternberg, R. J. (1994). <em>The triarchic mind: A new theory of human intelligence<\/em>. Penguin Books.\n\nTyng, C. M., Amin, H. U., Saad, M. N. M., &amp; Malik A. S. (2017) The influences of emotion on learning and memory. <em>Frontiers in Psychology, 8<\/em>, 1\u201322, 1454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01454  \n\nVeblen, T. (1923). <em>Absentee ownership and business enterprise in recent times: The case of America<\/em>. B. W. Huebsch.\n\nVeblen, T. (1919). <em>The vested interests and the common man<\/em>.\n B. W. Huebsch.\n\nVeblen, T. (1918). <em>The higher learning in America: A memorandum on the conduct of universities by business men<\/em>. B. W. Huebsch.\n\nVeblen, T. (1904). <em>The theory of business enterprise<\/em>. Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons.\n\nVeblen, T. (1899). <em>The theory of the leisure class<\/em>. Macmillan.\n\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why is it so extremely difficult to resist neoliberal trends? 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